What Is Device Survival Probability?
Medical journals have traditionally used patient survival probability to display information on treatment option effectiveness. In the report, pulse generator and lead survival probabilities convey information about long-term performance of implantable cardiac rhythm management products.
Survival probability shows the percentage of implanted devices that remain implanted and in service at various points in a product's service life, in the absence of competing risks, such as natural mortality or voluntary explants. Conceptually, a pulse generator of high reliability and large battery capacity or low current drain remains near 100% survival until eventually, normal battery depletion begins to cause significant numbers of devices to be removed, and the device survival probability drops rapidly. For example, a device survival probability of 99% indicates that within the stated implant duration, the pulse generator had a 1% risk of removal for battery depletion or for incurring a malfunction that required replacement. Survival probabilities are provided with and without normal battery depletions (depicted as “Battery Depletions and Malfunctions” and “Malfunctions Only,“ respectively).
Boston Scientific estimates survival probability in complaince with international standard ISO 5841-2: 2000 (E). Survival probability is calculated at a given time by seperately estimating the probability of surviving each interval and mutiplying the survival probabilities of all the intervals through which a device has passed. To estimate the probability of surviving any interval, the number of units that successfully functioned during the interval is divided by the number of units exposed to malfunction/depletion during the interval. The number of units exposed is calculated using the actuarial method, where device suspensions in an interval are distributed uniformly across the interval. Reasons for device suspension from survival probability statistics are detailed in the report section entitled U.S. Reason for Out of Service.
Survival probabilities are statistical estimates subject to uncertainty. To quantify this uncertainty, 95% confidence intervals of survival probabilities are computed. Greenwood's formula is used to estimate the standard error of the calculated survival probabilities, and confidence intervals are constructed using a logit transformation, assuming the transformed values are normally distributed. For example, 99.36% (-0.3/+0.2) represents an interval of 99.06% to 99.56%, and these intervals are constructed such that 95% of the time they will contain the true survival probability. These confidence intervals are not symmetric due to the transformation method described previously.
Inclusion Criteria for Pulse Generator and Lead Survival Probability Datasets
Pulse generator survival probability is reported for U.S. implanted devices in product families which meet inclusion criteria described below. Lead survival probability is reported for both the U.S. Registered Implant population and for leads enrolled in the Longitude Surveillance Registry, for product families which meet inclusion criteria described below.
To be included in survival probability statistics, a device must first be successfully implanted (defined in this report as occurring upon pocket closure). Prophylactic device removals are tracked as part of the active population up until the time the device is removed from service; devices removed prophylactically which are not identified as malfunctions at the time of explant do not contribute to a reduction in survival probability. Reasons for device explant or out of service, if known, are provided in this report for each pulse generator product/product grouping.
Data in this report depict U.S. device performance through October 9,2011. Survival probabilities are based on devices registered as implanted in the United States. Privacy laws in many other geographies preclude manufacturers from obtaining specific patient implant and explant information, thus device survival probabilities cannot be constructed from these data. Boston Scientific believes, however, that U.S. experience is generally representative of worldwide performance. The Malfunction Details for leads and pulse generators reflect worldwide malfunctions, inclusive of U.S. data.
Criteria for inclusion of product families in this report are in compliance with the AdvaMed Industry Guidance for Uniform Reporting of Clinical Performance of Pulse Generators and Leads. Survival estimates are provided for product families once they have at least 10,000 cumulative U.S. implant months. The minimum interval sample size is 200 U.S. implanted units. Survival estimates for leads enrolled in the Longitude Surveillance Registry are provided for product families once they have at least 200 enrolled leads. The minimum interval sample size is 50 leads which have been followed for at least 6 months. Pulse generator product families with less than 200 total remaining estimated active U.S. devices are not included in this report. Lead product families that received original U.S. market release approval twenty or more years ago are not included in this report.
Survival probability data are presented in tabular format in print, and in tabular and graphical formats online at www.bostonscientific.com/ppr. Performance data for Intermedics products may also be found on www.bostonscientific.com/ppr. Specific inclusion criteria for pulse generator and lead survival probability datasets are described here. Not all products may be approved for use in all geographies, as product approval is geography specific.
Worldwide distribution and U.S. registered implant numbers have been rounded to provide population size context. A U.S. malfunction count and percentage are displayed for each product family within the U.S. Summary table. The malfunction percentage shown consists of total U.S. malfunctions divided by total registered U.S. implants and is not intended to facilitate comparison of Boston Scientific device performance to that of competitive devices, nor is it intended to facilitate generation-to-generation reliability comparisons. The information shown is intended to put the malfunctions in context, relative to overall product distribution. Cumulative survival probability is a more accurate representation of overall product performance.
To convey implant experience for a product family, average device age and U.S. approval date are provided. The U.S. approval date listed is the earliest date Boston Scientific received approval for one or more of the models in the family. For Longitude Surveillance Registry data, the number of enrolled leads and their cumulative followup months are also provided for context.
Survival Probability – Battery Depletions and Malfunctions (Pulse Generators)
Reduction in survival probability for pulse generators is due to:
Survival Probability – Malfunctions Only (Pulse Generators)
Reduction in survival probability for pulse generators is due only to:
In this case, normal battery depletions do not contribute to the reduction in survival probability; rather, reduction in survival probability is due only to confirmed pulse generator malfunctions. Futhermore, unconfirmed reports of premature battery depletions do not reduce “Malfunctions Only” survival probability. Put another way, this information depicts the percentage of confirmed malfunction-free devices remaining in service at various intervals in the product's service life, based on returned product analysis.
Survival Probability — Complications and Malfunctions (Leads)
The AdvaMed Industry Guidance for Uniform Reporting of Clinical Performance of Cardiac Rhythm Management Pulse Generators and Leads, published in May 2009, outlines a methodology for lead survival probability inclusion. Boston Scientific has applied this methodology to all lead families currently being implanted as of May 2009, and will apply it to all future lead families as they are included in the Product Performance Report. Lead families no longer being implanted as of May 2009 will continue to use previous reporting methodology.
Reduction in survival probability for current leads using AdvaMed Guidance methodology is due to:
Reduction in survival probability for older leads using previous methodology is due to:
Further Adjustments for Device and Lead Survival
Because underreporting of patient deaths unrelated to device function would result in overestimation of pulse generator or lead survival by overstating the number of devices in service, Boston Scientific addresses this underreporting in two ways. First, regular updates are obtained from the Social Security Administration about deceased persons and compared to Boston Scientific patient data to learn about patients who have died but whose deaths had not been reported to Boston Scientific. Second, Boston Scientific uses 10% annual patient mortality as a baseline and adjusts reported patient deaths in any interval for which reports are less than the baseline rate. No adjustment is applied to account for underreporting of malfunctions, as the rate of underreporting is unknown.
Boston Scientific does not make statistical adjustments to account for underreporting of battery depletion. However, as mentioned earlier, Boston Scientific includes non-returned devices removed from service for battery depletion with no associated complaint as normal battery depletions.
Categorization of Malfunctions for Survival Probability Reporting
Malfunctions represent pulse generators and leads removed from service and confirmed through laboratory analysis to have operated outside the specified performance limits established by Boston Scientific while implanted and in service. In addition, current leads utilizing AdvaMed methodology include Extrinsic Factor malfunctions occurring 30 days or more post-implant, where laboratory analysis is inconclusive or unconfirmed. Device damage occurring during or after explant, or caused by external factors including those warned against in product labeling (such as ionizing therapeutic radiation), are not reported as device malfunctions in survival data. Damage to a pulse generator caused by a lead malfunction is reported as a lead malfunction. Malfunctions are further classified according to their impact on therapy, as follows:
Malfunction With Compromised Therapy —
The condition when a device is confirmed through laboratory analysis to have malfunctioned in a manner that compromised pacing or defibrillation therapy (including complete loss or partial degradation) while implanted and in service.
Examples include (but are not limited to): sudden loss of battery voltage; accelerated current drain such that low battery was not detected before loss of therapy; sudden malfunction during defibrillation therapy resulting in aborted therapy delivery; intermittent malfunction in which therapy is compromised while in the malfunction state.
Malfunction Without Compromised Therapy —
The condition when a device is confirmed through laboratory analysis to have malfunctioned in a manner that did not compromise pacing or defibrillation therapy while implanted and in service. Malfunctions in which critical patient-protective pacing and defibrillation therapies remain available are included here.
Examples include (but are not limited to): error affecting diagnostic functions, telemetry function, data storage; malfunction of a component that causes the battery to lose power quickly enough to result in premature battery depletion, but slowly enough that the condition is detected through normal follow-up before therapy is lost; mechanical problems with connector header that do not affect therapy.
Categorization of Normal Battery Depletion for Survival Probability Reporting
Per the AdvaMed Industry Guidance for Uniform Reporting of Clinical Performance of Pulse Generators and Leads, Normal Battery Depletion is defined as the condition when
Boston Scientific includes within this count both returned and non-returned devices removed from service for battery depletion with no associated complaint. In conformance with the AdvaMed guidance document, Boston Scientific performs battery usage analysis, including battery status verification, on all devices returned without a complaint. We continue to include non-returned devices reported by our customers as being removed from service due to normal battery depletion within this count.
Boston Scientific CRM's Corrective and Preventive Actions (CAPA) System
Boston Scientific strives to provide implantable devices of high quality and reliability. However, these devices are not perfect and may exhibit malfunctions at a low rate of occurrence. Device performance information is received from many sources through various channels. Boston Scientific monitors information from many sources including suppliers, testing, manufacturing and field performance to identify opportunities for improvement.
When a device is returned to Boston Scientific, laboratory technicians and engineers assess overall device function and perform analysis using specific tests related to the clinical observation(s). Test results are compared to original manufacturing records and design intent. Clinical observations are added to laboratory findings to help determine root cause of the clinical observation(s). Each discrete event is then compared to other similar-appearing events. If a pattern is detected, actions are taken to identify a common root cause, and improvements intended to improve product reliability and/or performance may be implemented. Observations from supplier data and internal manufacturing operations also lead to opportunities for improvement. Improvements, when made, may include design changes in existing or subsequent generations, manufacturing and supplier process modifications, software updates, educational communications, and/or labeling changes as examples. Improvement implementation may vary by geography due to various factors including regulatory review timing, and, in some cases, improvements may not mitigate or eliminate the potential for additional malfunctions. In cases where an improvement is made to an approved product line, devices made without the improvement may continue to be distributed where such products meet our high reliability and performance standards, particularly when changes are incremental and in accordance with our overall philosophy of continuous product improvement.
Improvements are closely monitored for effectiveness. Boston Scientific informs regulatory bodies of each significant event that poses potential risk to patient health to meet regulatory obligations, and shares returned product investigation findings with physicians. The malfunction details section for pulse generators and leads includes a summary of these findings.
In summary, thorough investigation of internal and external data coupled with low trigger levels for improvements creates a continuous product improvement system that is very responsive to patient and physician needs. Boston Scientific is committed to characterizing and presenting to our customers an accurate picture of product performance and addressing identified issues in a timely fashion.
